Motivations that cause a learner to react with fear and anxiety are?

The correct answer is that motivations causing a learner to react with fear and anxiety are negative. Negative motivations often stem from a fear of failure, past experiences, or perceived high stakes in learning situations. These feelings can create a sense of unease and anxiety, hindering the learning process and affecting a student's confidence and willingness to engage.

In educational contexts, feelings of fear and anxiety typically arise in situations where individuals feel they cannot meet expectations, whether self-imposed or from external sources like instructors or peers. This can lead to avoidance behavior, procrastination, or even physical symptoms related to stress, which further complicate the ability to learn effectively.

Conversely, tangible motivations refer to concrete rewards such as grades or recognition, and positive motivations would include encouragement or the excitement to learn, both of which typically foster a more conducive learning environment. Difficulties in identifying motivations may arise from a range of personal factors but do not inherently cause fear and anxiety. Thus, the primary characteristic defining negative motivations is their ability to induce fear and anxiety in learners.