What is generally the more effective way for an instructor to properly motivate learners?

Providing positive motivations through the promise or achievement of rewards is an effective way to motivate learners because it taps into the principles of behavioral psychology, specifically reinforcement theory. This approach encourages learners to engage with the material, as they are incentivized by the prospect of receiving rewards for their efforts. Rewards can be intrinsic, such as personal satisfaction or achievement, or extrinsic, like grades or recognition, but the underlying principle is that positive reinforcement fosters a more engaging and productive learning environment.

In contrast, relying solely on pleasant personal relationships may create a friendly atmosphere but doesn't necessarily drive learners to achieve or excel. Building rapport is important, but it must be coupled with effective motivational strategies.

Reinforcing self-confidence by ensuring that tasks are well within a learner's ability can prevent them from being challenged, which may lead to stagnation in growth and learning. It's essential for learners to face appropriate challenges to foster development and skill acquisition.

Utilizing threats and warnings can create a fear-based environment that may lead to anxiety and resistance, ultimately undermining motivation and engagement. A positive motivational approach, centered on rewards and achievements, leads to higher levels of participation and satisfaction among learners.